It further discusses various forms of validity and reliability tests with concise examples and finally explains various methods of analysing these tests with scientific principles guiding such analysis.Internal validity is the extent to which a study establishes a trustworthy cause-and-effect relationship between a treatment and an outcome. This is a review article which comprehensively explores and describes the validity and reliability of a research instrument (with special reference to questionnaire). This has been linked to the dearth of knowledge of these tests. The importance of measuring the accuracy and consistency of research instruments (especially questionnaires) known as validity and reliability, respectively, have been documented in several studies, but their measure is not commonly carried out among health and social science researchers in developing countries. Methods: Medline and Embase were searched and articles studying the validity, reliability, or applicability of the definitions of hip OA. Objective: To summarise and review articles addressing the quality (validity, reliability, applicability) of seven commonly used definitions of hip osteoarthritis (OA) for epidemiological studies in order to use it primarily as a classification criterion.
Principles and methods of validity and reliability testing of questionnaires used in social and health science researches. Qualitative Traditional Criteria for Judging Quantitative Research Alternative Criteria for.How to cite this article: Bolarinwa OA. Validity and reliability in quantitative studiesKeywords: Questionnaire, reliability, social and health, validityTrustworthiness Qualitative research. •Reliability and validity are concepts used to evaluate the quality of research, They indicate how well a method, technique or test measures something, Reliability is about the consistency of a measure, and validity is about the accuracy of a measure, reliability vs validity in research.
These can be observational, self-report, interview and record review. In addition, the inferences made will depend on the type of measurement. However, these quantification will come in the different forms of inference. Available from: The different measurements in social science research require quantification of abstracts, intangible and construct that may not be observable. Niger Postgrad Med J 2015 22:195-201. Principles and methods of validity and reliability testing of questionnaires used in social and health science researches.
Likewise, they do not have the prerequisite to understand the principles that underline validity and reliability testing of a research measurement tool.This article therefore sets out to review the principles and methods of validity and reliability measurement tools used in social and health science researches. From the author's personal observation among researchers in developing countries, most students and young researchers are not able to distinguish validity from reliability. This has been adduced to the dearth of skills and knowledge of validity and reliability test analysis among social and health science researchers. As simple as this may seems, it is often omitted or just mentioned passively in the research proposal or report. The researchers always wish to know if the measurement tool employed actually measures the intended research concept or construct (is it valid? or true measures?) or if the measurement tools used to quantify the variables provide stable or consistent responses (is it reliable? or repeatable?). One of the most common tasks often encountered in social science research is ascertaining the validity and reliability of a measurement tool.
These validity tests are categorised into two broad components namely internal and external validities. Several varieties have been described, including face validity, construct validity, content validity and criterion validity (which could be concurrent and predictive validity). This is with a view to critically review current principles and methods of reliability and validity tests as they are applicable to questionnaire use in social and health researches.Validity expresses the degree to which a measurement measures what it purports to measure.
Shows graphical presentation of possible combinations of validity and reliability. It is important to understand the distinction between these three aspects as it will guide the researcher on the proper assessment of reliability of a research tool such as questionnaire. There are three aspects of reliability, namely: Equivalence, stability and internal consistency (homogeneity). Lack of reliability may arise from divergence between observers or instruments of measurement such as a questionnaire or instability of the attribute being measured , which will invariably affect the validity of such questionnaire. , , Though reliability importantly contributes to the validity of a questionnaire, it is however not a sufficient condition for the validity of a questionnaire. Reliability refers to the degree to which the results obtained by a measurement and procedure can be replicated.
Questionnaires that are used by interviewers in this way are sometimes known as interview schedules. F2F and telephone questionnaires are used by interviewers to ask a standard set of questions and record the responses that people give to them. Postal and electronic questionnaires are known as self-completion questionnaires, i.e., respondents complete them by themselves in their own time. In the context of health and social science research, questionnaires can be used in a variety of survey situations such as postal, electronic, face-to-face (F2F) and telephone.
, Validity of a questionnaire can be established using a panel of experts which explore theoretical construct as shown in. Validity is the amount of systematic or built-in error in questionnaire. , , Methods Used for Validity Test of a QuestionnaireA drafted questionnaire should always be ready for establishing validity. These conditions therefore warrant the need to test validity and reliability of questionnaire.
These forms could be criterion-related validity , and construct validity. On the other hand, questionnaire validity can be established with the use of another survey in the form of a field test and this examines how well a given measure relates to one or more external criterion, based on empirical constructs as shown in. Two subtypes of validity belongs to this form namely face validity and content validity. This is called a translational or representational validity.
The detailed description of the subtypes are described in the next paragraphs.Figure 2: Graphical representation of the subtypes of various forms of validity testsSome authors , are of the opinion that face validity is a component of content validity while others believe it is not. In addition, some authors included hypothesis-testing validity as a form of construct validity. According to the authors who put the 2 as separate entities, predictive validity and concurrence validity are subtypes of criterion-related validity while convergence validity, discriminant validity, known-group validity and factorial validity are sub-types of construct validity.
Face validity is often said to be very casual, soft and many researchers do not consider this as an active measure of validity. This means that they are evaluating whether each of the measuring items matches any given conceptual domain of the concept. , Face validity involves the expert looking at the items in the questionnaire and agreeing that the test is a valid measure of the concept which is being measured just on the face of it.
The development of a content valid instrument is typically achieved by a rational analysis of the instrument by raters (experts) familiar with the construct of interest or experts on the research subject. He wants to ensure that the questions (in the questionnaire) fully represent the domain of attitudes towards the occupational hazard prevention. , , , For example, a researcher is interested in evaluating employees' attitudes towards a training program on hazard prevention within an organisation. Content validity pertains to the degree to which the instrument fully assesses or measures the construct of interest.
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